The Roman Republic had three branches of government:

1. Magistrates: These officials were elected by the citizens and held executive power. They included consuls, praetors, and other officials with specific administrative roles.

2. Senate: Comprised of elders or former magistrates, the Senate was an advisory body that held significant influence over the Republic’s decisions. It played a crucial role in legislation, foreign policy, and financial matters.

3. Popular Assemblies: These were gatherings of citizens where laws were proposed, debated, and voted upon. The assemblies had the power to elect magistrates, pass laws, and declare war.

Here are more details about each branch of government in the Roman Republic:

Magistrates:

Consuls: The highest-ranking magistrates in the Roman Republic, there were typically two consuls elected annually. They were responsible for leading the Roman government, commanding the army, convening the Senate and popular assemblies, and administering justice.
Praetors: These officials were responsible for administering justice, both in Rome and in the provinces. They also had the authority to command armies in the absence of consuls.
Censors: Every five years, two censors were elected. They conducted the census, assessed property for taxation purposes, oversaw public morality, and managed the membership of the Senate.
Aediles: Responsible for public works, games, and markets, the aediles also had some judicial functions related to minor offenses.
Tribunes of the Plebs: Elected representatives of the plebeian class, the tribunes had the power to veto legislation and actions of other magistrates to protect the interests of the common people.

Senate:

Composed primarily of former magistrates, the Senate was an advisory body with considerable influence over Roman policy.
The Senate debated and passed resolutions on matters of foreign and domestic policy, finance, and the appointment of magistrates.
While technically the Senate did not have legislative power, its recommendations held significant weight and were often followed by the magistrates and popular assemblies.

Popular Assemblies:

Comitia Centuriata: This assembly, organized by military units (centuries), was responsible for electing higher magistrates and passing laws. Its composition favored the wealthy and privileged.

Comitia Tributa: Organized by tribes, this assembly elected lower magistrates and had legislative powers. Each citizen belonged to a tribe, and voting was based on tribal membership rather than wealth.
Concilium Plebis (Plebeian Council): Exclusively for plebeians (commoners), this assembly elected the tribunes and passed laws (plebiscites) binding only to the plebeian class. Over time, its decisions gained broader legal significance.

These branches of government operated within a system of checks and balances to prevent the concentration of power in any one institution or individual. The Roman Republic’s governmental structure was complex and evolved over time, influenced by the demands of a growing empire and the changing dynamics of Roman society.